As late as the 10th century, the Greek emperors
conferred on the dukes of Venice, Naples, Amalphi, etc., the
title of
or consuls (see Chron. Sagornini, passim);
and the successors of Charlemagne would not abdicate any of their prerogative. But in general the names of consul and senator, which may be found among the French and Germans,
signify no more than count and lord,
(Signeur, Ducange Glossar).
The monkish writers are often ambitious of fine classic words.