The observation of Philelphus is approved by Cuspinian in the year 1508 (de Caesaribus, in Epilog. de Militia Turcica, p. 697). Marsigli proves, that the effective armies of the Turks are much less numerous than they appear. In the army that besieged Constantinople Leonardus Chiensis reckons no more than 15,000 Janizaries.